1.傳感器的動態(tài)性。
動特性是指傳感器對隨時間變化的輸入量的響應(yīng)特性。動態(tài)特性輸入信號變化時，輸出信號隨時間變化而相應(yīng)地變化，這個過程稱為響應(yīng)。傳感器的動態(tài)特性是指傳感器對隨時間變化的輸入量的響應(yīng)特性。動態(tài)特性好的傳感器，當(dāng)輸入信號是隨時間變化的動態(tài)信號時，傳感器能及時精確地跟蹤輸入信號，按照輸入信號的變化規(guī)律輸出信號。當(dāng)傳感器輸入信號的變化緩慢時，是容易跟蹤的，但隨著輸入信號的變化加快，傳感器的及時跟蹤性能會逐漸下降。通常要求傳感器不僅能精確地顯示被測量的大小，而且還能復(fù)現(xiàn)被測量隨時間變化的規(guī)律，這也是傳感器的重要特性之一。
2.傳感器的線性度。
通常情況下，傳感器的實際靜態(tài)特性輸出是條曲線而非直線。在實際工作中，為使儀表具有均勻刻度的讀數(shù)，常用一條擬合直線近似地代表實際的特性曲線、線性度(非線性誤差)就是這個近似程度的一個性能指標(biāo)。擬合直線的選取有多種方法。如將零輸入和滿量程輸出點相連的理論直線作為擬合直線;或?qū)⑴c特性曲線上各點偏差的平方和為最小的理論直線作為擬合直線，此擬合直線稱為最小二乘法擬合直線。
3.傳感器的靈敏度。
靈敏度是指傳感器在穩(wěn)態(tài)工作情況下輸出量變化△y對輸入量變化△x的比值。它是輸出一輸入特性曲線的斜率。如果傳感器的輸出和輸入之間顯線性關(guān)系，則靈敏度S是一個常數(shù)。否則，它將隨輸入量的變化而變化。靈敏度的量綱是輸出、輸入量的量綱之比。例如，某位移傳感器，在位移變化1mm時，輸出電壓變化為200mV,則其靈敏度應(yīng)表示為200mV/mm.當(dāng)傳感器的輸出、輸入量的量綱相同時，靈敏度可理解為放大倍數(shù)。
4.傳感器的穩(wěn)定性。
穩(wěn)定性表示傳感器在一個較長的時間內(nèi)保持其性能參數(shù)的能力。理想的情況是不論什么時候，傳感器的特性參數(shù)都不隨時間變化。但實際上，隨著時間的推移，大多數(shù)傳感器的特性會發(fā)生改變。這是因為敏感器件或構(gòu)成傳感器的部件，其特性會隨時間發(fā)生變化，從而影響傳感器的穩(wěn)定性。
5.傳感器的分辨力。
分辨力是指傳感器可能感受到的被測量的最小變化的能力。也就是說，如果輸入量從某一非零值緩慢地變化。當(dāng)輸入變化值未超過某一數(shù)值時，傳感器的輸出不會發(fā)生變化，即傳感器對此輸入量的變化是分辨不出來的。只有當(dāng)輸入量的變化超過分辨力時，其輸出才會發(fā)生變化。通常傳感器在滿量程范圍內(nèi)各點的分辨力并不相同，因此常用滿量程中能使輸出量產(chǎn)生階躍變化的輸入量中的最大變化值作為衡量分辨力的指標(biāo)。上述指標(biāo)若用滿量程的百分比表示，則稱為分辨率。
6.傳感器的遲滯性。
遲滯特性表征傳感器在正向(輸入量增大)和反向(輸入量減小)行程間輸出-輸入特性曲線不一致的程度，通常用這兩條曲線之間的最大差值△MAX與滿量程輸出F·S的百分比表示。遲滯可由傳感器內(nèi)部元件存在能量的吸收造成。
7.傳感器的重復(fù)性。
重復(fù)性是指傳感器在輸入量按同一方向作全量程連續(xù)多次變動時所得特性曲線不一致的程度。各條特性曲線越靠近，說明重復(fù)性越好，隨機(jī)誤差就越小。
1. the dynamic nature of the sensor.
Dynamic characteristics refer to the response characteristics of sensors to time dependent input. When the input signal of dynamic characteristics changes, the output signal changes with time, which is called response. The dynamic characteristics of sensors refer to the response characteristics of sensors to time varying input quantities. Sensor with good dynamic characteristics, when the input signal is a time-varying dynamic signal, the sensor can track the input signal in time and accurately, and output the signal according to the law of change of the input signal. When the input signal of the sensor changes slowly, it is easy to track, but as the input signal changes faster, the timely tracking performance of the sensor will gradually decline. Generally, the sensor is required not only to accurately display the size of the measured, but also to reproduce the law of the measured changes with time, which is one of the important characteristics of the sensor.
2. linearity of the sensor.
Usually, the output of the sensor's static characteristic is a bar curve instead of a straight line. In practice, in order to make the instrument have uniform calibration reading, a fitting line is often used to approximate the actual characteristic curve, linearity (nonlinear error) is a performance index of this approximation. There are many ways to select straight lines. If the theoretical line connected with zero input and full range output points is regarded as the fitting line, or the theoretical line with the least square deviation of each point on the characteristic curve is regarded as the fitting line, this fitting line is called the least square fitting line.
3. sensitivity of the sensor.
Sensitivity refers to the ratio of the output change (?) y) to the input change (?) x when the sensor works in steady state. It outputs the slope of an input characteristic curve. If there is a linear relationship between the output and input of the sensor, the sensitivity S is a constant. Otherwise, it will change with the change of input. The dimension of sensitivity is the ratio of output to the dimension of input. For example, when the displacement of a displacement sensor changes 1 mm, the output voltage changes 200 mV, the sensitivity should be expressed as 200 mV / mm. When the output and input dimensions of the sensor are the same, the sensitivity can be understood as an amplification factor.
4. the stability of the sensor.
Stability indicates the ability of a sensor to maintain its performance parameters over a long period of time. Ideally, the characteristic parameters of sensors will not change with time at any time. But in fact, as time goes on, the characteristics of most sensors will change. This is because the characteristics of sensitive devices or components that make up the sensor will change with time, thus affecting the stability of the sensor.
5. resolution of sensors.
Resolution is the ability of a sensor to feel the smallest change that has been measured. That is to say, if the input quantity changes slowly from a non zero value. When the input value does not exceed a certain value, the output of the sensor will not change, that is, the sensor can not distinguish the change of the input value. The output will change only when the amount of input exceeds resolution. Generally, the resolution of the sensor is not the same at all points within the full range, so the maximum variation of the input which can make the output step change is often used as an index to measure the resolution. If the above index is expressed in percentage of full scale, it is called resolution.
6. hysteresis of sensor.
Hysteresis characterizes the degree of inconsistency between the output-input characteristic curves of the sensor between the forward (input increases) and the reverse (input decreases), usually expressed by the percentage of the maximum difference between the two curves (?) MAX) and the full-range output F. S. Hysteresis can be caused by the absorption of energy in the sensor's internal components.
7. repeatability of sensors.
Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency of the characteristic curves obtained when the input of the sensor varies continuously in the same direction for many times over the whole range. The closer the characteristic curves are, the better the repeatability and the smaller the random error.
